Runway incursions can involve which of the following?

Runway incursions encompass a variety of elements within airport operations, which is why the option stating "Aircraft, vehicles, persons, or objects" is the most accurate and comprehensive. A runway incursion occurs when any unauthorized entity, such as an aircraft, vehicle, or individual, enters the runway area when it is not safe to do so. This can lead to dangerous situations and potential collisions, and therefore, all these factors must be considered in discussions about runway safety.

Aircraft may inadvertently cross into controlled airspace without clearance, vehicles could stray onto the runway while taxiing, persons may be present without proper authorization, and objects such as luggage or equipment may inadvertently be left on the runway. Recognizing that multiple types of incursions can occur helps ensure that appropriate safety measures and protocols are in place to prevent them. Thus, understanding the broad nature of runway incursions is crucial for maintaining safety in aviation operations.